Plural strategies of accessing land among peri-urban squatters

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses strategies utilized by migrants/squatters in accessing land for settlement and livelihoods in places where the state and the indigenes are not sympathetic to their needs. Although of significant policy and theoretical significance, this area has not received attention from scholarship, its dominant focus being on understanding the diverse origins, destinations, drivers and processes of migration. In addressing this issue, the study uses the case of Malawian migrants located in Zimbabwe’s peri-urban area of Norton. The finding of the paper is that there are as many strategies for acquiring land as they are migrants. The identified strategies (inheritance, seizures, and purchase) are contingent based – varying according to the access of the parties involved in the transactions.     

论“圈地”现象背后地方政府的利益追求

本文从近期的“圈地”热潮开始谈起,分析了土地与土地权,国家与政府,中央政府与地方政府三组关系,讨论了其对征地的影响,并将重点落到地方政府上面。然后,用经济学的有关理论论证地方政府“圈地”追求的并不是一般意义上的垄断利润,而是其他一些利益。文章提出了建立一套利益制衡机制以遏制地方政府利益追求,试图以此来规范征地行为。     

集体土地所有权立法的妥当性分析

物权法草案维持了农村土地集体所有权,这是立法者斟酌历史和现实的妥当选择。第一次规定了该权利行使的意思机关,完善了集体土地所有权制度。但草案仍然沿用现行法规定集体土地的三种所有权类型、规定集体经济组织为集体土地所有权行使的代表、不规定权利行使的监督组织,是不妥当的。应该取消乡(镇)、村民小组集体土地所有权,统一为村集体所有。集体经济组织在现实中和立法上都非常混乱,不适宜作为集体土地所有权行使代表。     

小农经济的特质及我国农地关系法制化的基本方向

在我国农地制度的变迁中,中国共产党始终把农地关系法制化放在调整社会经济关系、促进中国社会进步的重要地位.我国现行农地集体所有,家庭经营的农地制度仍具备小农经济的特质.通观世界,小农经济在欧美较早得到改造,在西方社会改造小农经济的现代化过程中,法制化成为农地制度变迁的最直接最明显的推动力量.我国农地法制化的基本方向是落实科学发展观,进一步完善现行农地法规;保障农地资源与农民的安全,明确界定农地的权利主体.     

对土地私有化之批判——兼论农村土地的社会保障功能

土地是我国农民赖以生存的物质基础,但工业化、城市化进程的加快和土地市场的国家垄断,必然蚕食大批的土地,使广大农民的生存与发展受到严重威胁,而农民的生存与发展关系到国家长治久安.如何解决土地锐减和农民生存的矛盾,如何发挥农村土地的社会保障功能,已成为迫在眉睫的严峻问题.有人提出了土地私有化的观点.认为坚持土地承包责任制,坚持最严格的土地管理制度,在此基础上实现土地流转的法律创新,是唯一符合现实需要的理性选择.     

Globalisation, Peasant Agriculture and Reconversion

Abstract — The agrarian issue in Chile is largely defined by the problematic impact, particularly on the peasantry, of the country's continuing integration into the world market. This paper focuses on the shift from a market-led to a state-mediated process of 'reconversion' of agriculture's pattern of production and land use. Although the 'Concertación' governments have designed specific and novel policies aimed at enhancing the productive and transformative capacity of peasant farmers these have not yet been able to reduce the widening technological and economic disparity between capitalist and peasant farming. Thus the future of the peasant economy is far from being assured in an increasingly globalised and competitive environment.     

唐代工商业利润的流动转化及其社会后果

唐代官营工商业利润主要流入政府财政 ,也有一部分转化为高利贷资本和用于土地经营。民间工商业利润除了一部分用于生活消费、交通权贵和囤积射利外 ,大多用于土地的购买兼并和转化为高利贷资本。官、私工商业利润向产业资本流动转化甚少 ,既无益于新的生产方式的产生和发展 ,也拉大了财富占有上的贫富分化 ,并最终激化了社会矛盾和阶级矛盾 ,导至农民大起义爆发 ,唐王朝的腐朽统治遭到推翻     

论农村土地资产与土地资本的协调与转化

长期以来,我国只将土地作为一种生存的工具,称之为生产资料。经过30年的土地制度变迁,土地才由生产资料变成土地资产,又过了20年土地才具有了部分生产要素性质。从实践来看,土地制度变迁的最终目的应该是将土地资产变成土地资本。     

Rural land ownership reform in China’s property law

With regard to rural land ownership, there exist many problems, such as absence of the subject of right, ambiguity of the definition of right quality, and imperfection of the taking system. To perfect the rural land ownership system in China, we should continuously take villagers’ groups and villages as the subject of collective ownership and affirm the right of the members of collective organizations. In order to promote the development of the rural economy and realize the value of land, the contractual management right should be deemed as a property right and allowed to be transferred. The transferability of collective land ownership should be gradually established and the process of taking should be further normalized. Meanwhile, the farmers must receive sufficient compensation. The house site usage right is a special form of right of usufruct. To follow the principle that property should be made best use of, the house site usage right should also be transferable.     

论转型社会中的中国农村集体土地权利制度变革——兼评《物权法》的相关规定

当代中国农村集体土地权利制度存在所有权与所有制关系混同、使用权与所有权权能趋同、权利关系与权力关系混同、私法缺位和公法越位以及功能错位等问题,因而在社会转型过程中受到极大的挑战.以土地所有制与土地所有权相分离为原则,对现行集体土地所有制进行股份制改造,在土地价值形态上实行农民集体所有制,变农民为股东,实现公平的价值追求;在土地实物形态上建立"集体法人所有权"制度,变农民集体组织为集体法人组织,实现效率的价值追求,这是当代中国集体土地权利制度改革模式的最优选择.